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Polish minority in Russia
There are currently 73,000 Polish nationals living in the Russian Federation. This does includes autochthonous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.
==Before 1917==
Many Poles were exiled to Siberia, starting with the 18th-century opponents of the Russian Empire's increasing influence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (most notably the members of the Bar Confederation).〔Norman Davies, ''Europe: A History'', Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820171-0, (Google Print, p.664 )〕 After the change in Russian penal law in 1847, exile and penal labor (''katorga'') became common penalties to the participants of national uprisings within the Russian Empire. This led to increasing number of Poles being sent to Siberia for katorga, they were known as ''Sybiraks''. Some of them remained there, forming a Polish minority in Sibera. Most of them came from the participants and supporters of the 19th century November Uprising and January Uprising,〔 〕〔Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, (Google Print, 538 )〕 the participants of the 1905-1907 unrest〔 to the hundreds of thousands of people deported in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.〔
There were about 20,000 Poles living in Siberia around the 1860s.〔 An unsuccessful uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia broke out in 1866.〔
In the late 19th century there was also a limited number of Polish voluntary settlers, attracted by the economic development of the region.〔 Polish migrants and exiles, many of whom were forbidden to move away from the region even after finishing serving their sentence, formed a vibrant Polish minority there.〔 Hundreds of Poles took part in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.〔 Notable Polish scholars studied in Siberia, among them Aleksander Czekanowski, Jan Czerski, Benedykt Dybowski, Wiktor Godlewski, Sergiusz Jastrzebski, Edward Piekarski, Bronisław Piłsudski, Wacław Sieroszewski, Mikołaj Witkowski and others.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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